Exeter Central was Exeter Queen Street until 1933. Barmouth Junction became Morfa Mawddach in 1960
In South Wales, Ton Pentre was originally named Ystrad Rhondda. It was renamed when a new station actually in Ystrad village itself opened in 1986
Abercynon became Abercynon South after the opening of Abercynon North on the Aberdare Line. It reverted to Abercynon when the junction was moved back to the station and Abercynon North closed
Pontypridd opened in 1840 as Newbridge Junction, as Newbridge was the original name of the town. It was renamed Pontypridd in 1866, and later Pontypridd Central in deference to the nearby Pontypridd Graig and Tram Road stations
Llandaf was named Llandaff until 1980, when they changed it into the Welsh name for some reason
Pengam was originally named Pengam (Glam), to reference the fact that it was in Glamorgan, in deference to Pengam (Mon) on the Brecon and Merthyr Railway which was in Monmouthshire
Aber was originally named Aber Junction Halt. There isn't a place called Aber per se - the junction name was a reference to the village of Abertridwr on what became the Senghenydd branch
Pontypool and New Inn was originally Pontypool Road. It was renamed Pontypool in 1972 after the other Pontypool stations closed, and New Inn was added in 1994
A few have effectively been renamed upon reopening, or been very close to the site of stations with different names:
Ebbw Vale Parkway (originally Victoria)
Rhoose Cardiff Intl Airport (originally just Rhoose)
Ynyswen (originally Tylacoch, although a short distance from the original halt)
Maesteg (originally Maesteg Castle Street, though again a slightly different site)
Cathays (originally Cathays Woodville Road)
Garth (originally Troedyrhiw Garth)