The 757 is a totally different aircraft to the 737 and wasn't developed from or with it. It was developed alongside the twin-aisle 767 and they share avionics amongst other things. Though the 757 and 737 both share the 707's airframe width.
The 757 certainly is powerful, but that comes at a price. Literally!
It practically drinks fuel in comparison to the previous generation A320/ 737NG families, never-mind the newer MAX and NEOs.
I also think the 757/767 share the same type rating, so they can/could be flown by the same crews on a single license for both?
The A321XLR is definitely a game changer from an economics perspective, but I stand by the point that it's not a pioneer of single aisle long-haul travel. Makes you wonder if Boeing should have developed a 757NG as it doesn't look like the MAX is going to cut it as a full replacement.
It's not about the interior which, as you note, can be changed very easily. The main differences are the engines which compared to modern twins are over-powered and the wing - which is also "too big", to the point that the 757 is classed as a heavy. The combination means that it takes off like a rocket and it doesn't get bumped around as much in turbulence.
The longer version 757-300, aka the flying pencil, is even beastlier. I flew one once (it was a charter airline in the early 00s - JMC Air maybe?) and it's so long inside I swear from the back you could see it bending slightly in the middle. Took an age to board and get off as well, nearly 300 passengers on a single aisle plane. Same problem with A321s as well as they're up to something like 240 seats now.
In fairness the United ones have only been doing it since 2007 ish, ETOPS isn't that old yet!
Interesting - I didn't realise it was as recent as that. I'm guessing we are talking about Continental before they merged with United. I thought ETOPS was much older than that with 767s also only having two engines and being transatlantic workhorses.
I do know BA flew 757s on a couple of transatlantic routes in the 90s - a quick search on Google says they had them on Birmingham and Glasgow to JFK and Toronto as well. I'd be interested if anyone knew more about those.