I'm surprised that nobody has mentioned Vivarail!
Vivarail claim to have a battery fast-charging system which utilises sections of conductor rail in the four foot. There is a video about it on their website:
https://vivarail.co.uk/vivarails-technology/#storage
It states that,
"Vivarail has developed and patented this unique system which can recharge a battery train in only 10 minutes. The ability to recharge batteries this quickly is the gamechanger to enable operation on the network. Fast Charge is set to become the UK’s standard system for all types of battery train."
The system was demonstrated in 2019 at Long Marston, funded by Innovate UK:
https://www.railway-technology.com/...charging-system-for-class-230-battery-trains/
Which suggests that, if it's set to become the UK's standard system for all types of battery train, then Network Rail and ORR might already have reviewed and given it the nod? Otherwise I don't suppose Vivarail would be pouring so much effort into it, let alone marketing it as a product. Presumably the 230s which are set to operate the Wrexham-Bidston line could, one day, be converted to battery-only units, if fast charge stations were to be installed at selected stations en route. At the moment they are diesel-battery hybrids. Maybe that is seen as an intermediate step on the road to 'full battery'.
Skem won’t be an issue. Well within range.
Of course the answer for when a battery EMU doesn’t have range is relatively simple. A bigger battery.
If only it was that simple! Trains are limited by axle load and the infrastructure (gauge) such that there is only a limited 'envelope' for installing batteries. It's the same problem with hydrogen trains - which need batteries AND hydrogen tanks AND not to mention all the additional electrical kit to manage the power that goes with them. And then of course, the more weight you add to a battery train, the shorter will be its range, so it's a bit of a vicious circle. That's just physics, captain! Not to mention the extra cost of batteries - they won't be cheap, and trains are built to a price.