The French system keeps summer holidays the same nationwide typically with all of July and August off.
Where it differs is their Winter and Spring holidays, which are organised differently. Rather than 2 terms split into 2 half terms each, they have 3 terms split by two x two week holidays, which roughly equate to our February half term and Easter. These holidays are split into three zones, the split for the two week February break takes place over 4 weeks and is designed to ease the load on the ski resorts. Which is why it is always best to avoid skiing in France in February. The Spring break is (just) after the main ski season*, and is again a two week break split over 4 weeks. This is why the UK May half term is a good time to go to France, as the French schools don’t have a break at that point.
*the higher resorts are still open, so the real ski fans can still catch some snow.
As others have said we do have a form of this in the U.K., albeit over Summer. the Scottish schools break up in late June, and go back in mid August. Which is why accommodation in the highlands is cheaper in late August, albeit it’s usually wetter.