I believe that the Central line's '92 stock are the fastest trains by design, capable of 100kph. Following the Chancery Lane derailment when a motor mounting failed, their maximum operational speed was been reduced to more like 70kph.
The recently replaced 'A60' stock on the Met., introduced around 1960 was indeed also capable of 60mph, but their outdated suspension made that a difficult ride for both passengers and track.
The 'S' stock is geared for much faster acceleration at the expense of reduced top speed, but even on the fast trains, there is little difference in overall journey time.
There are stories of A60s hitting 70mph!
The 92TS were 100kph capable, but as you say were downgraded following the Chancery Lane derailment to 80kph (50mph). There is currently a scheme in place (although it may have been dropped recently) to get the trains back up to 100kph, although at that speed, given their build quality, the cabs may well fall off!
The S stock isn't geared for much faster acceleration as such, and it has an official top speed of 100kph, but because of it's newer traction systems, and 100% motored axles, it has a vastly superior acceleration compared to it's predecessors (albeit it is currently restricted in terms of acceleration whilst there are still D stock pootling about with the older signalling. Post SSL resignalling, the performance should be similar to the 2009TS)
The victoria line has a top speed of 80kph, but because of the agressive driving style of it's ATO system, it can feel a lot quicker.
The northern line only goes up to 45mph, and that is at the northern ends of the northern branches, in tunnels it is still 40mph, but there are a few places where speed increases are possible now that the resignalling is complete. Said resignalling has also (similar to the victoria) made the trains seem faster with it's aggressive driving. The sister units on the Jubilee line, with the same ATO system will hit 100kph in parts of the JLE, although it does occasionally sound like the whole train is about to fall apart!
On conventionally signalled lines (bar the metropolitan) the maximum speed is usually 45mph.
On new resignalled lines, trains are usually capable of 100kph (62mph) but are either limited by poor track conditions or badly made trains!