Travellers arriving in the UK from Poland, Turkey and three Caribbean islands will have to self-isolate for 14 days from 04:00 on Saturday.
It comes after a rise in the infection rate in the affected countries, with Poland reporting 25.9 coronavirus cases per 100,000 people, up from 15.6.
There will also be tougher fines for those who fail to self-isolate - of up to a maximum of £10,000 in England.
One airport group says it is a "further blow" to a "struggling" sector.
The UK reported a further 6,914 coronavirus cases and 59 deaths on Thursday, and stricter measures have been announced to control a spike
in areas of northern England.
Announcing the changes to the quarantine list, Transport Secretary Grant Shapps said data from Poland showed that "test positivity has nearly doubled increasing from 3.9% to 5.8% alongside a rapid increase in weekly cases".
He said Turkey had been added to the list because the UK had concerns about the way in which the authorities there reported their data.
Arrivals from the Caribbean islands of Bonaire, St Eustatius and Saba will also have to quarantine from Saturday, he added.