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Class 93 Tri-mode Loco

Nottingham59

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Apologies I've not always followed this large thread, but when talking about where 93s can work, wasn't an/the original plan to replace some 37s still in service?
I think so. See for instance the very first post on this thread. ROG also suggested developing a fleet of 100mph container flats, but I haven't seen any mention of that idea lately.

But the wider point is that 93s should out-perform class 66s on both operating cost and speed, on many freight flows that are mostly under the wires, and where the steepest gradients are also electrified. (e.g. Beattock or Shap or Lickey)
 
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Wyrleybart

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I think so. See for instance the very first post on this thread. ROG also suggested developing a fleet of 100mph container flats, but I haven't seen any mention of that idea lately.

But the wider point is that 93s should out-perform class 66s on both operating cost and speed, on many freight flows that are mostly under the wires, and where the steepest gradients are also electrified. (e.g. Beattock or Shap or Lickey)

From an train handling point of view probably easier to compare the 93 to the 88, but it seems that if the 93s are to replace the hired in Europhoenix 37s there will be a significant mileage of light diesel running. Assuming the 93s are to be based at Derby like the EP 37s are lets us imagine a three legged move dragging a set of condemned stock from Ely to Newport docks, the 93 would probably only get chance to raise it's pan at Helpston Jn for the brief trip to Peterborough, before lowering again for the journey to Potter Group at Ely. Getting out of Ely onto the mainline the loco could theoretically run on the AC all the way from Ely to Willesden Jn, for a short bit of diesel or even battery running down the hill to Acton, then switch back to AC for the run to Newport via Badminton and Severn Tunnel. Obviously diesel down the branch to the docks. The return run could take advantage of AC from Newport to Severn Tunnel Jn and from Bromsgrove to Kings Norton (if Network Rail allow raising the pan whilst moving) but then it would be diesel all the way back to Derby.

Only an assumption of course.
 

ac6000cw

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From an train handling point of view probably easier to compare the 93 to the 88, but it seems that if the 93s are to replace the hired in Europhoenix 37s there will be a significant mileage of light diesel running. Assuming the 93s are to be based at Derby like the EP 37s are lets us imagine a three legged move dragging a set of condemned stock from Ely to Newport docks, the 93 would probably only get chance to raise it's pan at Helpston Jn for the brief trip to Peterborough, before lowering again for the journey to Potter Group at Ely. Getting out of Ely onto the mainline the loco could theoretically run on the AC all the way from Ely to Willesden Jn, for a short bit of diesel or even battery running down the hill to Acton, then switch back to AC for the run to Newport via Badminton and Severn Tunnel. Obviously diesel down the branch to the docks. The return run could take advantage of AC from Newport to Severn Tunnel Jn and from Bromsgrove to Kings Norton (if Network Rail allow raising the pan whilst moving) but then it would be diesel all the way back to Derby.

Only an assumption of course.
Keep in mind that to do that kind of trip, the 93s are going to have to be cleared/certified for operating from OHLE over most of the AC network - that may be expensive to arrange (spread across just a relative handful of locos), so it wouldn't surprise me if they spent rather more time running on diesel+battery than OHLE. Hopefully they won't have the sort of interference issues the IETs generated when started test running.

The batteries are replacing the resistor grids that are (traditionally) used for electric braking when returning power to the OLE isn’t an option (like, if it’s not on the OLE!)

AIUI they are roughly the same weight as the resistor grids, and take less space. So it is a way of recovering decent amounts of energy, which helps fuel efficiency, particularly when starting heavy trains at low speed.
That's great until the batteries are fully charged, when (if they are replacing the resistor grids) you lose electric braking capability away from the wires...
 
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Wyrleybart

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Keep in mind that to do that kind of trip, the 93s are going to have to be cleared/certified for operating from OHLE over most of the AC network - that may be expensive to arrange (spread across just a relative handful of locos), so it wouldn't surprise me if they spent rather more time running on diesel+battery than OHLE. Hopefully they won't have the sort of interference issues the IETs generated when started test running.
Oh yes. I recognise there will be a huge amount of testing and acceptance if they are licensed to operate countrywide and under the various modes. Will be really interesting to observe.
That's great until the batteries are fully charged, when (if they are replacing the resistor grids) you lose electric braking capability away from the wires...

Good point actually. Assuming regen has replaced rheo as the braking mode, assuming the batteries are full right up to the top, is there a kind of electrical "relief valve" or does the loco switch to friction braking, or is there actually still a rheo system in there ?
 

Meerkat

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That's great until the batteries are fully charged, when (if they are replacing the resistor grids) you lose electric braking capability away from the wires...
Yeah, I initially thought that.....but then realised they would discharge the batteries assisting the train to get back to speed before they would need to brake again!
 

Greybeard33

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Yeah, I initially thought that.....but then realised they would discharge the batteries assisting the train to get back to speed before they would need to brake again!
But you would want to recharge the batteries fully going downhill in order to have maximum battery assistance on the next climb. Then if there is an unexpected signal check at the bottom of the hill you have no regen braking capability....
 

Richard Scott

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Oh yes. I recognise there will be a huge amount of testing and acceptance if they are licensed to operate countrywide and under the various modes. Will be really interesting to observe.


Good point actually. Assuming regen has replaced rheo as the braking mode, assuming the batteries are full right up to the top, is there a kind of electrical "relief valve" or does the loco switch to friction braking, or is there actually still a rheo system in there ?
Guessing batteries would only be full under electric mode so could use regenerative braking and feed back into the wires?
 

XAM2175

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Good point actually. Assuming regen has replaced rheo as the braking mode, assuming the batteries are full right up to the top, is there a kind of electrical "relief valve" or does the loco switch to friction braking, or is there actually still a rheo system in there ?
Guessing batteries would only be full under electric mode so could use regenerative braking and feed back into the wires?
No rheo. If regen isn't available (whether to the batteries or back to the mains) then it's friction only. The batteries could theoretically be full even when running on the diesel - my understanding is that any excess power from the diesel will be used to charge the batteries. It's possible though that Stadler might configure the TMS so that some battery capacity is always kept empty to allow for regen braking.
 

Meerkat

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But you would want to recharge the batteries fully going downhill in order to have maximum battery assistance on the next climb. Then if there is an unexpected signal check at the bottom of the hill you have no regen braking capability....
Will they be charging them from the engines though? That would drastically reduce the fuel reduction from having the batteries, as it would have to be 'constantly top up from engine and no regen' unless they had some very fancy route specific planning software.
 

InOban

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Apologies I've not always followed this large thread, but when talking about where 93s can work, wasn't an/the original plan to replace some 37s still in service?
I doubt that the 93 will have the network-wide route availability of the 37.
 

zwk500

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I doubt that the 93 will have the network-wide route availability of the 37.
Wikipedia quotes 86 tonnes over 4 axles, so 21.5t/axle, Which would put it at RA7/8, Well above the RA5 of a Class 37 (100t over 6 axles = 16.67t/axle.)

However it could be cleared for the RA5 routes with specific restrictions, as Class 66s are.
 

Greybeard33

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Will they be charging them from the engines though? That would drastically reduce the fuel reduction from having the batteries, as it would have to be 'constantly top up from engine and no regen' unless they had some very fancy route specific planning software.
I do not know how the battery charging algorithms will work, but I thought one of the main benefits of hybrid operation was supposed to be that the batteries will supplement the diesel engine on upgrades as well as when accelerating on the level. This then gives a combined power output of 1300kW, similar to a 37, for hill climbing (provided the climb is not too long). If the batteries were normally left discharged when off the wires, hill climbing power would be limited to just the 900kW of the diesel engine, little more than a 88. That would greatly reduce the utility of the loco on unelectrified lines.
 

ac6000cw

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I'm quite sure that if they wanted to, the loco computer systems could manage the battery to optimise use of the battery plus regen braking capability and minimise diesel fuel an and friction braking use. It would need to know the route characteristics and train weight of course, but that's definitely not rocket science... Diesel fuel (and engine maintenance) costs real money - that's the payback for doing something like that.

It's only really an extension of the 'trip optimiser' type stuff that some passenger DMU trains already have/support.
 

sheepy1991

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Why no rheo? Most regen braking systems will revert to rheo if the OHLE is out of range rather than rely on friction braking only.
Bi mode Flirts will revert to rheo braking if the OHLE is out of range or if running on diesel power, so I cannot see why the 93’s would be any different.
1st priority keep batteries topped up, 2nd feed back to OHLE when possible and if neither of those can be done then rheo should kick in and send generated power through brake resistors.
 

43096

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Why no rheo? Most regen braking systems will revert to rheo if the OHLE is out of range rather than rely on friction braking only.
Because - as explained above - the space for the rheo equipment is used for batteries.
 

Trainbike46

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Why no rheo? Most regen braking systems will revert to rheo if the OHLE is out of range rather than rely on friction braking only.
Bi mode Flirts will revert to rheo braking if the OHLE is out of range or if running on diesel power, so I cannot see why the 93’s would be any different.
1st priority keep batteries topped up, 2nd feed back to OHLE when possible and if neither of those can be done then rheo should kick in and send generated power through brake resistors.
As I understand the post higher up, the battery replaces the brake resistors
 

ac6000cw

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With all the 'electric loco' stuff, plus diesel engine, engine cooling system, exhaust treatment system, fuel tank, battery, battery cooling system etc. I suspect it's going to be pretty packed between the cabs of a 93... so presumably no room for brake resistor grids and cooling fans.
 

Greybeard33

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I'm quite sure that if they wanted to, the loco computer systems could manage the battery to optimise use of the battery plus regen braking capability and minimise diesel fuel an and friction braking use. It would need to know the route characteristics and train weight of course, but that's definitely not rocket science... Diesel fuel (and engine maintenance) costs real money - that's the payback for doing something like that.

It's only really an extension of the 'trip optimiser' type stuff that some passenger DMU trains already have/support.
Such trip optimisation algorithms would have to assume a speed profile for the route. If the train has to make an unplanned stop at a signal when the algorithm has already brought the batteries up to full charge, ready to climb an incline ahead, friction braking would have to be used.
 

315801

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Can I ask please if 93001 is any closer to making its first movements under power and also how much work is still left to do before 93001 turns a wheel ?
 

ac6000cw

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Such trip optimisation algorithms would have to assume a speed profile for the route. If the train has to make an unplanned stop at a signal when the algorithm has already brought the batteries up to full charge, ready to climb an incline ahead, friction braking would have to be used.
You can't predict the future, so you just have to do the best you can based on the info you have (including past history - the 'learning' part of an algorithm).

That said, 'connected' Driver Advisory Systems are starting to be rolled out at certain NR ROCs (see various Roger Ford articles in Modern Railways), so information about what's up ahead and what speed to run at will be available to trains in those areas.

There was a recent thread on the forum about regen and rheostatic braking on passenger trains e.g. 745s have regen and friction braking only (so have to drop back immediately to friction if regen isn't possible), whereas 755s have rheostatic as well (primarily for use in diesel mode). But I think electric braking is almost never regarded as being 100% reliable/available so the friction brakes have to be able to stop the train in worse-case conditions (and of course the line speed limits and signaling are designed around that capability).
 

Richard Scott

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You can't predict the future, so you just have to do the best you can based on the info you have (including past history - the 'learning' part of an algorithm).

That said, 'connected' Driver Advisory Systems are starting to be rolled out at certain NR ROCs (see various Roger Ford articles in Modern Railways), so information about what's up ahead and what speed to run at will be available to trains in those areas.

There was a recent thread on the forum about regen and rheostatic braking on passenger trains e.g. 745s have regen and friction braking only (so have to drop back immediately to friction if regen isn't possible), whereas 755s have rheostatic as well (primarily for use in diesel mode). But I think electric braking is almost never regarded as being 100% reliable/available so the friction brakes have to be able to stop the train in worse-case conditions (and of course the line speed limits and signaling are designed around that capability).
Regenerative and rheostat braking just help reduce wear on brakes with added bonus that some energy is recovered using regenerative braking.
 

Bald Rick

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Will they be charging them from the engines though? That would drastically reduce the fuel reduction from having the batteries, as it would have to be 'constantly top up from engine and no regen' unless they had some very fancy route specific planning software.

There will be times when the engine is idling, it may as well charge the battery (albeit slowly).
 

XAM2175

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With all the 'electric loco' stuff, plus diesel engine, engine cooling system, exhaust treatment system, fuel tank, battery, battery cooling system etc. I suspect it's going to be pretty packed between the cabs of a 93... so presumably no room for brake resistor grids and cooling fans.
There's a basic diagram at the end of this article:

But I think electric braking is almost never regarded as being 100% reliable/available so the friction brakes have to be able to stop the train in worse-case conditions (and of course the line speed limits and signaling are designed around that capability).
Indeed the case. It's the reason that 91s have a 75 mph limit when running light-loco, for example.
 

Nicholas Lewis

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There will be times when the engine is idling, it may as well charge the battery (albeit slowly).
Not exactly big batteries 2x40kwh and nominally 900kw diesel engine should be able to charge quickly as thats the advantage of Lithium Titanate Oxide chemistry. Anyhow plenty of options for the modellers to play with in working about the best way of optimising this package which i don't believe has been implemented elsewhere.
 

Nottingham59

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Not exactly big batteries 2x40kwh and nominally 900kw diesel engine should be able to charge quickly as thats the advantage of Lithium Titanate Oxide chemistry. Anyhow plenty of options for the modellers to play with in working about the best way of optimising this package which i don't believe has been implemented elsewhere.
If I were designing the battery charge management, I would plan for the battery to always have spare capacity to accept the kinetic energy of the train at its current speed. So for a 1000T train at 55mph (KE=80kWh), the batteries would be empty, hoping to recharge them fully with regenerative braking when coming to a stop.

And if we did have to dump energy into the friction brakes, the diesel would top up the batteries to full while waiting at the red signal, ready to boost the engine as soon as the signal went green.

Accelerating at full power with both 900kW engine and 400kW battery would leave the batteries about two-thirds full when you got back up to 55mph, but then you'd save diesel by using the batteries to maintain linespeed until they were empty again.

The system would only need to know the weight of the train and the speed. Obviously you could make if more sophisticated by for instance:
  • adjusting for charging / discharge inefficiencies
  • using geolocation data to anticipate hills and track speed limits
  • linking into a Driver Advisory System.
 

Mollman

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Can I ask please if 93001 is any closer to making its first movements under power and also how much work is still left to do before 93001 turns a wheel ?
Two images of 93001 courtesy of Karl Watts.

 

Class15

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The 93‘s are a great idea by ROG, but if they don’t get hired in by other operators (FL in particular) I don’t see how they can be used effectively. It’d be a waste to use them on stock drags - the 37s and 57s are suitable for this while being far cheaper.
 

ac6000cw

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There's a basic diagram at the end of this article:
Minor point - that article describes the diesel engine as "a six-cylinder Caterpillar C32 turbocharged engine" - the C32 is actually a V12 (fairly compact at 2.3m x 1.5m x 1.6m, L-W-H)
 

XAM2175

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Minor point - that article describes the diesel engine as "a six-cylinder Caterpillar C32 turbocharged engine" - the C32 is actually a V12 (fairly compact at 2.3m x 1.5m x 1.6m, L-W-H)
Yes, I know that, but apparently Mr Shirres doesn't, hah. Does make the diagram a little suspect on second thoughts though, given the width.
 

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