....There's no reason why staff etc. can't swap between units at stations if necessary. Most non-gangway units which operate in multiple have 2 members of staff on board, often revenue protection and a train manager from what I've seen on EMT/XC.
Staff maybe, but there are limits in some parts of the country (Northern, for example, have one guard on most of their trains and make use of non-gangway 142s, 144s and 150/1s on 4, 5 and sometimes 6 car trains, the guard cannot leave the rear unit).
The problem isn't just staff though. On my last visit to Oxfordshire I used a train from Didcot to Oxford which was formed of two 166 units. At Oxford the train was to split with one unit going into the sidings and the other going onward in service, this is a regular move from what I can tell.
On this particular day there had been a lightning strike in Slough and my train was the first to run through for nearly an hour and a half. The train was understandably quite full, but the main problem was that people had boarded the train where they could, rather than trying to bundle onto the 'right portion'. The driver, on approach to Oxford, announced that the front portion would go onward.
Sure enough people tried to make their way forward to 'the front three coaches' whilst the train was still in motion, but found an impasse when they reached the front of the fourth coach, the drivers cab with no corridor connection to the next coach. At Oxford, the train doors opened and people started piling out, but unlike those who wanted to get off at Oxford, those who wanted to stay on were seemingly unaware of the problem of moving through the train and continued to try to walk through it until the front set of doors on the fourth coach, where they saw a minor problem with their plan. As far as I could tell, not one decided to leave the train further down and walk along it to the front portion, presumably they thought the train would go without them.
But they don't, as demonstrated by the regular occurrence of a pair of 158's leaving Liverpool with an almost empty front set, and a full and standing rear set. Our Conductors regularly inform people that "There are plenty of seats in the front two coaches", only to be met with blank looks from people determined to stay put. From my experience, the vast majority of people don't like to walk the length of the train, preferring instead to ensconce themselves close to where they boarded, especially when travelling with luggage or pushchairs....
That is quite true, people don't like to move, this is not just the case on trains that are nearly empty a couple of carriages further along, but also where people are struggling to get on and there is ample space in the aisle.
....My personal belief is that coupling/uncoupling units en-route is a troublesome procedure that causes much delay and disruption to journeys, and shouldn't take place and that all trains should be a sufficient length....
In some cases it is simply not possible to run two trains to the two places, aside from the potential for more staff and trains required. The Brighton Mainline has portion working on the London Victoria-Brighton/Littlehampton trains because there simply isn't room to run the two trains separately, I'm sure the same could be said for the TPE services that used to split/join at Preston.
....Of course, there are those who say a few carriages will be very lightly used during off peak times and therefore uneconomic, but it's also uneconomic having trains sat around all day waiting for the evening rush hour. Just my opinion though....
Trains running around empty all day use fuel (be it diesel or electricity) and might need extra staff/maintenance. Trains, that would otherwise be running around empty, sat idle in a depot do not and can be worked on if necessary. It's not a question of things being 'uneconomic', it's a question of them being 'as economic as possible'.
....That's the problem with MU's, you need to keep them working all day to get your investment back. With LHCS you can add or take a few off depending on demand, and it's less of a financial hit to have a few spares in sidings.
Actually I'd say the effective use of coaches or units, in regard to investment, cost and profit, is largely the same (you don't want ten coaches running around when five will do, but you also don't want to spend more money splitting them up if you don't have to), it's just the value of that investment/cost/profit that might differ.
Splitting coaches takes time though, it's not as simple as uncoupling a pair of units, then you have the paths to get locomotives (for onward workings or shunting) in place to couple to them and move them as required (even at terminus stations), and during this time no other train can use the platform. This is one reason why BR was moving to using multiple units and fixed formation trains towards the end, rather than traditional loco-hauled services.
....From what I've read, I'm not so sure that (other than forecasted demand) there was much "on the fly" adding or subtracting carriages from services in the LCHS days?
Today's railways have one thing that BR didn't....rules on train lengths at 'short' platforms.