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Bus franchising: It’s now the only way, says Abellio

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overthewater

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Personally I do not agree, I also don't believe Abellio can provide any decent service, so no wonder they want Fransching because it's the only way that lot could EVER get bus routes, they are that bad.


The coronavirus COVID-19 crisis has wreaked havoc on the British bus industry in a way that could never have been predicted. How it recovers will be a story that takes time to tell, but for Abellio, the pendulum has now swung unequivocally to favour of bus franchising.

Indications that Chancellor Rishi Sunak will spend heavily on the country’s economic recovery, coupled to a focus on ‘green’, makes now the time to proceed with franchising, says Abellio Deputy Managing Director and Chief Operating Officer Alan Pilbeam (pictured, above). And it must be done quickly, he adds.

Mr Pilbeam notes that the commercial bus market has, except for some ‘islands’, largely returned a continuing decline in patronage. He accepts that congestion has played part in that, but he points out that bucking such a trend it is not something that will come easily.

“There has not been the progress in terms of bus priority improvements that operators want. My point is that if the industry has not succeeded in winning that argument so far, what is going to change in the future so that it does?”

He believes that improvements to factors outside the industry’s remit are more likely to come about if local authorities (LAs) have ultimate control of the service that is delivered. That product must also be integrated with other modes, including walking and cycling, adds Mr Pilbeam.

With an indication that money will soon be available to facilitate a green recovery, Abellio’s view is that the time is now right to push re-regulation forwards. It believes that doing so will reverse the decline in patronage, reduce the burden on the NHS and make towns and cities more attractive to employers and employees.

“If the industry points to a few successes – that it has won a few battles but is still losing the war – and thinks that is convincing, my counterargument is simple. The commercial market has not worked. It’s time to take time out and do something different.”

Bus franchising: Not all plain sailing, says Abellio
Although the advocacy for bus franchising from Abellio is clear, it accepts that even with money available, making such a fundamental shift from the commercial landscape will not be an easy task.

Abellio bus franchising
One of the key to successful franchising is integrating the bus network with other modes, including walking and cycling, says Alan Pilbeam
Winning over the public to its way of thinking is likely to be among the easier tasks to complete, but high-quality, integrated networks must still be put in place before some of more difficult decisions are made, says Mr Pilbeam.

One of those must relate to road user pricing. Referendum results have demonstrated that the public will not remotely countenance road pricing if the perceived quality of the public transport alternative is anything less than stellar.

A further complication is added by the changing of travel habits because of coronavirus COVID-19. Mr Pilbeam says that the bus industry cannot, and will not, return to the same landscape from before the pandemic broke.

The government’s message to avoid public transport has been damaging. The only way to grow patronage across the country is by leveraging public funding and using it to help to deliver a high-quality bus network on a regulated platform, he continues.

Key to any offering is that it is a network, Mr Pilbeam says. The cuts to secondary services that have been seen in many areas, while trunk routes remain well resourced, is not conducive to delivering an integrated product that returns an overall increase in patronage. Even so, he concedes that any network must be optimised to passenger demand and operate on a cost-effective basis.

Bus franchising will drive innovation under Abellio plans
Mr Pilbeam says bus networks that exist currently do not necessarily serve all the locations that they need to. ‘Legacy’ depots are not always in the right places.

He believes that franchising gives an opportunity to remedy both of those. To that end, the Abellio view is that franchising should be undertaken using area-wide schemes and not as individual routes.

Those packages must be right-sized, however. Too small and only the incumbents will be able to compete. If they are larger, bidders that are new to the region will be attracted. That is important, says Mr Pilbeam. While on-road competition has largely demonstrated its redundancy, competition for franchises will, he believes, drive innovation among proposals.

Abellio bus franchising
The transition to zero-emission operation should be an integral part of any franchising scheme, believes Abellio; ‘it will be expected by users’
Among that will be the pace of transition to zero-emission operation.

To allow it to proceed as effectively as possible, and to permit bidders to capitalise on what they can do in terms of passenger satisfaction and patronage growth, Abellio endorses depot ownership lying with the franchising body.

“If any city region chooses franchising it will make sense to maximise competition and innovation by having the depot portfolio under its control,” says Mr Pilbeam.

A further influence on the move towards zero-emission in city regions would tie in with the LA’s wider growth and/or industrial strategies, he continues. Economies of scale in energy and vehicle supply are also likely under such circumstances.

“That creates a level playing field for bidding. It allows consistency. If franchising is gone about it the right way, it will involve zero-emission.”

Depot infrastructure among the keys to zero-emission transition
Abellio has learned from its operation in London that the transition toward full zero-emission is much more easily done in a depot that is designed for it. Otherwise, things can become difficult as the number of zero-emission buses increases. Where the depot is configured for a fleet of EVs from the outset, efficiency gains are significant.

A further important part of focusing on the service that is delivered is perception, Mr Pilbeam continues. If the aim is to present a world-class, integrated network, users will likely expect a growing focus on zero-emission vehicles.

“We should bolden our expectations through franchising. The process should involve big, bold goals. There are different ways of achieving zero emission. A bidder could be required to bring its proposals for that transition to the table as part of its proposal.”

Handling the large, medium and small areas: Care required
Mr Pilbeam advocates a three-pronged approach to franchising that is based on the size of the area in question. How the large cities would be dealt with is clear. For ‘second tier’ schemes, help with implementation would likely be required from government.

Abellio bus franchising
While Alan Pilbeam concedes that some areas have seen bus patronage increase significantly, the industry as a whole ‘is still losing the war’
In smaller areas, a joined-up approach would be required, he continues. “How to move forward with there is the difficult question. It is not possible to go to just one of those places and introduce franchising.

“It would be a case of joining up areas to create one of sufficient size to give something similar to the scope of a second-tier scheme. That would be the hardest of the three to accomplish. A lot of help would be required.”

A major criticism of bus franchising has long been that it would cost more to deliver than a commercial platform. Mr Pilbeam rebuts that argument on two fronts: One that the government is likely to make money available for ‘green’ transport, and the other that the additional expense of reregulation should be seen in a wider context.

“If franchising happens in Manchester, additional staff will be required. It’s a moderate number, but if it is seen in the scale of growing the regional economy, it is a drop in the ocean.

“Yes, appropriate resource and back-office capability is required. That is achievable in city regions. It is well worth the investment for what would be a world-class, spatially efficient, sustainable and integrated public transport system.

“Give people a good bus network and they will come.”

Mr Pilbeam is undeniably correct in his assertion that if a high-quality bus network is provided, people will use it. He believes demographics that may not be seen as traditional bus users would also find such a product attractive, particularly if steps are subsequently taken to mitigate car

use.

Eyes are now will on Manchester. A decision on reregulation there has been postponed, ironically because of how the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has impacted work already carried out. But while a delay to the final decision is unavoidable, Mr Pilbeam suggests that regardless of what is chosen, more operators will join Abellio to advocate for bus franchising over coming months.
 
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TheGrandWazoo

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Personally I do not agree, I also don't Abellio can provide any decent service so no wonder they want Fransching because it the only way that lot could EVER get bus routes, they that bad.


So business with nothing to lose from franchising and everything to gain is pro-franchising. Who'd have thunk it?
 

cnjb8

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Personally I do not agree, I also don't believe Abellio can provide any decent service, so no wonder they want Fransching because it's the only way that lot could EVER get bus routes, they are that bad.

Didn't Abellio say they wanted to expand to Manchester by bidding for the contracts?
 

Megafuss

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This can't be the same Abellio that walked away from a bunch of Surrey council contracts is it?
 

Llandudno

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The MD of Abellio would say that, wouldn’t he ... but I agree with him.

It’s hard to see bus patronage returning to pre-Covid levels as bus journeys are in decline anyway (unlike rail) add to the fact that car driving has never been so cheap, new car and second hand car prices tumbling and petrol currently at not much more than £1 per litre.

Small town and even big city networks under threat, it is difficult to see some routes and frequencies being maintained when the Covid subsidy ends and routes become purely commercial again. Indeed Stagecoach in South Yorkshire have all ready announced that some routes that have been withdrawn during lockdown will not return when lockdown ends.

How many more will follow?

This is a fantastic opportunity to franchise routes and networks, still operated by the private sector but to frequencies and fares set by local authorities, who must be properly funded of course!

You never know some of the bus routes may even connect with trains and have through ticketing, well in England anyway, as TfW control a number of long distance routes in Wales and make absolutely no effort in bus/rail coordination of times or ticketing
 

Bletchleyite

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I mentioned it in another thread on a similar subject regarding rail, but it applies here...yes, I agree with him too. I also agree with it being based on large areas (e.g. whole towns or big chunks of cities) because you can then see how much you want to spend and put it out for companies to tender not a simple price but to use their commercial creativity to determine what they deliver, too. This I understand is what Libertybus in Jersey did.

This would be so, so much better than petty bus wars (remember: the competition is the car) and could bring some real - commercially driven - improvements, as well as stability for the "franchise" period and allowing the authority to stipulate some specific aspects too, but not needing the skills to design a network and ticketing system, as that skill just isn't present in most provincial town Councils. There's not a fragmentation issue like rail franchising because town bus networks tend to be self contained.
 

Mwanesh

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For the big towns yes. The problem is no one cares about the rural areas. We can franchise everything but the inter urban ones who will want to be responsible. I had a chat with a few people in Leeds, Wakefield and Huddersfield most of them said they dont care what happens in an area outside their boundaries.
 

Bletchleyite

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For the big towns yes. The problem is no one cares about the rural areas. We can franchise everything but the inter urban ones who will want to be responsible. I had a chat with a few people in Leeds, Wakefield and Huddersfield most of them said they dont care what happens in an area outside their boundaries.

That's a fairly good point - though a lot of rural services are tendered anyway, you've got stuff like the Oxford-Cambridge X5 which is a bit of an odd fit.

Perhaps the present commercial system could be retained for interurban/rural services? It's towns and cities where "bus wars" and non-compatible ticketing are a problem.
 

TheGrandWazoo

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though a lot of rural services are tendered anyway

If only that was true. Nowadays, tendered services are so few and far between because of the cuts of local government funding. 14 councils in England and Wales have NO tendered services. 5 more cut their funding since 2010 by over 90%. In fact, it's even worse than that as some councils merely control the tender as it's supported by a developer (s.106) or an organisation (like an airport).

Franchising is like Brexit - lots of politicians talking a lot about some incredible idealistic vision that must seem better than an imperfect reality.
 

Robertj21a

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That's a fairly good point - though a lot of rural services are tendered anyway, you've got stuff like the Oxford-Cambridge X5 which is a bit of an odd fit.

Perhaps the present commercial system could be retained for interurban/rural services? It's towns and cities where "bus wars" and non-compatible ticketing are a problem.

Bus operators wouldn't see much point/profit in operating just interurban and rural services commercially. They need the busy town routes to, effectively, cross-subsidise many of the others. If a council/area wants to have franchising then it will have to take on everything in their area, not cherry pick busy town routes.
 

AB93

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Public transport is not in a good place after Covid, but that's true regardless of the operational model and will remain the same on the way out.
Look at the mess TfL have got themselves into in all of this.

This is a fantastic opportunity to franchise routes and networks, still operated by the private sector but to frequencies and fares set by local authorities, who must be properly funded of course!
who must be properly funded of course.
And there's the problem. Without wishing to go political, with all the talk at the moment of Student Nurse pay and road building schemes that don't actually have that much funding... where's the money coming from?


I'm just leaving these here...

Abellio stripped of ScotRail franchise after years of passenger complaints
Transport minister Michael Matheson said Abellio, which runs ScotRail, will lose the contract earlier than planned in March 2022.

Scotland’s under-fire train operator is being stripped of its franchise after years of passenger complaints. Transport minister Michael Matheson said Abellio, which runs ScotRail, will lose the contract earlier than planned in March 2022.
Its 10 year franchise had begun in April 2015 but quickly hit problems with anger over disruption, cancelled trains, penalties and overcrowding.
Matheson confirmed the decision at the Scottish Parliament today, claiming the level of government subsidy required for another five years would not deliver sufficient benefits to passengers.


Abellio loses out to other bus operators as Surrey County Council chooses not to renew tender
The bus operator said there would not be any job losses after rivals were awarded tenders in Surrey.

All of Abellio's bus contracts in Surrey have been awarded to other operators, according to a letter seen by Get Surrey. The letter, which we understand was sent to employees as a "staff notice", warned that all the company's current contracts had been awarded to other operators.

Abellio told staff that tenders for 18 bus routes they operate in the county have been awarded to other operators, subject to final ratification at a Surrey County Council cabinet meeting on June 27.
 

TheGrandWazoo

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Bus operators wouldn't see much point/profit in operating just interurban and rural services commercially. They need the busy town routes to, effectively, cross-subsidise many of the others. If a council/area wants to have franchising then it will have to take on everything in their area, not cherry pick busy town routes.

Should just clarify that it isn't cross subsidy per se (e.g. loss making services being propped up) but that there are all sorts of overheads and vehicle replacement strategies that are underpinned by having strong core operations.

As you say, can Go North East operate commercially in North West Durham to the same extent without their T&W services?
 

carlberry

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The MD of Abellio would say that, wouldn’t he ... but I agree with him.

It’s hard to see bus patronage returning to pre-Covid levels as bus journeys are in decline anyway (unlike rail) add to the fact that car driving has never been so cheap, new car and second hand car prices tumbling and petrol currently at not much more than £1 per litre.

Small town and even big city networks under threat, it is difficult to see some routes and frequencies being maintained when the Covid subsidy ends and routes become purely commercial again. Indeed Stagecoach in South Yorkshire have all ready announced that some routes that have been withdrawn during lockdown will not return when lockdown ends.

How many more will follow?

This is a fantastic opportunity to franchise routes and networks, still operated by the private sector but to frequencies and fares set by local authorities, who must be properly funded of course!

You never know some of the bus routes may even connect with trains and have through ticketing, well in England anyway, as TfW control a number of long distance routes in Wales and make absolutely no effort in bus/rail coordination of times or ticketing
Bus journeys were increasing in areas where operators and local authorities were willing to co operate and rail journeys are not going to get back to pre Covid levels any quicker than buses, so vast subsidies will already be needed there. The MD of Abellio is willing to ignore the major issue of congestion (that local authorities could deal with if they wanted to) but wants them involved in planning bus networks where there's little evidence that they can bring anything to table, except money. However, given the state of the nations, and local authorities, finances in the next 5 years the only thing that franchising is likely to achieve is an area where money could actually be taken out of the industry because of the numerous other calls on the public purse, most of which are statutory.

The situation with the bus station in Cardiff is a perfect example of how much local politicians actually care about ideas like integrated transport when they have control over them.
 

Busaholic

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Why can't the local authority run the services instead and cut out the middleman/creamer off of any profits? A revolutionary idea, to be sure.:rolleyes:
 

buslad1988

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Why can't the local authority run the services instead and cut out the middleman/creamer off of any profits? A revolutionary idea, to be sure.:rolleyes:
I wouldn’t trust my local authority to run a bath... let alone a bus service! It’s partly their fault we’re in this mess anyway; they lost interest in public transport years ago. Lack of infrastructure investment, bus priority etc.
 

GusB

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I wouldn’t trust my local authority to run a bath... let alone a bus service! It’s partly their fault we’re in this mess anyway; they lost interest in public transport years ago. Lack of infrastructure investment, bus priority etc.
I'm not entirely convinced that leaving it up to local authorities is the best way forward either. There are some who are more forward thinking concerning public transport than others, but there's always the danger that a local council will only see as far as its own boundaries while failing to see how their town/city/district fits in with the wider area.

I'm not really sure where I sit with the whole idea of franchising. I agree that the current free-market model doesn't work, except in areas where there is enough patronage to sustain healthy competition. If you'd asked me 10 years ago, I'd have said re-nationalise the lot, but I've since moved away from that stance. Local solutions are required, but how you structure it, I really don't know. *shrug*
 

Flange Squeal

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Why can't the local authority run the services instead and cut out the middleman/creamer off of any profits? A revolutionary idea, to be sure.:rolleyes:
Maybe running buses isn't as profitable or easy as one may initially think. There seems to have been a steady stream of council-owned operators being sold over relatively recent years.

Yellow Buses sold to Transdev (2005)
Blackburn Transport sold to Transdev (2007)
ChesterBus sold to First Group (2007)
Eastbourne Buses sold to Stagecoach (2009)
Preston Bus sold to Stagecoach (2009)
Plymouth Citybus sold to Go Ahead (2009)
Islwyn Borough Transport sold to Stagecoach (2010)
Thamesdown sold to Go Ahead (2017)
Rossendale sold to Transdev (2018)
Halton ceased trading after sustained losses (2020)
 

buslad1988

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Maybe running buses isn't as profitable or easy as one may initially think. There seems to have been a steady stream of council-owned operators being sold over relatively recent years.

Yellow Buses sold to Transdev (2005)
Blackburn Transport sold to Transdev (2007)
ChesterBus sold to First Group (2007)
Eastbourne Buses sold to Stagecoach (2009)
Preston Bus sold to Stagecoach (2009)
Plymouth Citybus sold to Go Ahead (2009)
Islwyn Borough Transport sold to Stagecoach (2010)
Thamesdown sold to Go Ahead (2017)
Rossendale sold to Transdev (2018)
Halton ceased trading after sustained losses (2020)
You also have to consider with local authority owned bus companies you have the added factor of councillors/MP’s etc. all wanting to get involved when they’ve no idea how to run a bus company!

My local operator (council run - shall not mention which) has a board of directors which includes a butcher, a lawyer and ex MP! Been making losses for a few years now... and the council still continues to promote cheap car parking in the town centre.

You’ll also find service changes and fare increases being held back until after any elections... particularly if it involved cuts to marginal routes which generally effected concession card holders!

That’s the trouble when you involve local authorities running anything... it then becomes political material. Recipe for disaster! It takes away control from the management as they don’t have the freedom to run the business efficiently and make decisions. All the councillors are concerned for is votes and keeping their seats!
 
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tramboy

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Do local authorities or, for that matter, governments, want to take the full revenue risk of operating/specifying bus services?

As has been mentioned before, they seem wholly disinterested in resolving the issues of congestion (pre-pandemic) that prevent the operation of slightly less costly bus services (time saved = money saved), so why would we think they could do much better with full control of the process?

Many (if not all) LAs don't have funds to support that, or the people with the knowledge to do it properly. Look at TfL - the "perfect" model of franchising that is so often mentioned to support the Manchester case, but which also hasn't stemmed patronage decline and needs an increasing amount of revenue support.

Deregulation isn't perfect, but it's a whole lot cheaper on the public purse than the franchising model. Most operators would be happy to enter in to partnerships with LAs, but ones that also require the LAs to deliver on their part as well.
 

TheGrandWazoo

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Why can't the local authority run the services instead and cut out the middleman/creamer off of any profits? A revolutionary idea, to be sure.:rolleyes:

What.... like Cornwall Council?? Given your experience with them?

It all seems very seductive that there is some "no risk" option (like Brexit) where it can only be better than the current imperfect situation. Going back to the earlier Nexus proposals, the level of incompetence within their proposals (and note, this was after they'd been told to go away and try harder) was quite staggering. Simple stuff like funding the period between the new resources and the new patronage was simply missed out, as if people would dump their cars on day one.

I don't have a great deal of faith in LAs in running buses. Put in another way.... there are areas of the country that ARE (or were before Covid) experiencing increasing patronage. Look at what is happening there and you'll see that it isn't franchising - it's stuff like better bus priority and continued management of that. It can be tied into commitments on new vehicle investment etc.

However, it is about money and even in TfL land, we are seeing that once the funding stops, the patronage figures fall and services are cut.
 

carlberry

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Do local authorities or, for that matter, governments, want to take the full revenue risk of operating/specifying bus services?

As has been mentioned before, they seem wholly disinterested in resolving the issues of congestion (pre-pandemic) that prevent the operation of slightly less costly bus services (time saved = money saved), so why would we think they could do much better with full control of the process?

Many (if not all) LAs don't have funds to support that, or the people with the knowledge to do it properly. Look at TfL - the "perfect" model of franchising that is so often mentioned to support the Manchester case, but which also hasn't stemmed patronage decline and needs an increasing amount of revenue support.

Deregulation isn't perfect, but it's a whole lot cheaper on the public purse than the franchising model. Most operators would be happy to enter in to partnerships with LAs, but ones that also require the LAs to deliver on their part as well.
Unfortunately lots of the people involved want to control the bus services, either because they think it cant be that difficult and they can do it better or because one of their constituents keep on complaining that the evil local capitalist bus company don't run a bus at exactually the time they want/the bus company keep on running buses down their street and they don't want them to and they cant do anything about either of those.
TfL worked because the car isn't a realist choice for lots of people in London, the congestion charge reinforced that and (until the local population voted the wrong way and the government started removing TfLs support) they had very high subsidy levels (for the UK).
As others have said Abellio have their own reasons for wanting franchising however the quick dismissal of congestion as something that LAs will deal with once they benefit directly is naive; no Councillor is ever going to prioritise the ability of it's bus operations section saving the costs of one bus over the amount of bad publicity they'll get from introducing another 'anti car' bus lane and by having the bus operations under their control they can make sure they wont start bleating about congestion the same way the current bus operators do.
 

TheGrandWazoo

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Unfortunately lots of the people involved want to control the bus services, either because they think it cant be that difficult and they can do it better or because one of their constituents keep on complaining that the evil local capitalist bus company don't run a bus at exactually the time they want/the bus company keep on running buses down their street and they don't want them to and they cant do anything about either of those.
TfL worked because the car isn't a realist choice for lots of people in London, the congestion charge reinforced that and (until the local population voted the wrong way and the government started removing TfLs support) they had very high subsidy levels (for the UK).
As others have said Abellio have their own reasons for wanting franchising however the quick dismissal of congestion as something that LAs will deal with once they benefit directly is naive; no Councillor is ever going to prioritise the ability of it's bus operations section saving the costs of one bus over the amount of bad publicity they'll get from introducing another 'anti car' bus lane and by having the bus operations under their control they can make sure they wont start bleating about congestion the same way the current bus operators do.

Absolutely.

It might also be noted that Manchester City Council make £10m profit (not revenue) from car parking per annum and that for local authorities, that is a vital income stream.
 

tramboy

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As others have said Abellio have their own reasons for wanting franchising however the quick dismissal of congestion as something that LAs will deal with once they benefit directly is naive; no Councillor is ever going to prioritise the ability of it's bus operations section saving the costs of one bus over the amount of bad publicity they'll get from introducing another 'anti car' bus lane and by having the bus operations under their control they can make sure they wont start bleating about congestion the same way the current bus operators do.

I wasn't suggesting that councils would deal with congestion if they had control - far from it. My point was that the lack of the LAs dealing with it now means that the whole debate about "control" of the industry and who runs it completely misses the point as to why the industry finds itself in some difficulty anyway pre-pandemic.

Until the politicians stop being led by the car lobby, this debate will continue to keep coming back, and until they also have joined up thinking between planning & transport, we'll continue to see people put more value in space for cars, and not in buses.
 

Robertj21a

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It's getting more and more difficult to see how commercial bus operations can survive long term in the UK outside of the busiest cities/towns. If we had a few more councils with the skills (and interest) then it might be possible to run more arms-length operations like the excellent Nottingham's and Lothian's of the world. We even have enormous council support in Brighton & Hove where the bus operator is a purely commercial operation by GoAhead.
So it's not impossible to achieve the occasional miracle, just incredibly difficult.
Despite the obvious abilities of Stagecoach, and some other pockets of professionalism, skill and innovation, we also still have sizeable parts of the country outside London where Arriva and First are, at best, lacklustre.
Post-covid it's difficult to avoid the thought that many bus operations will be cut back significantly before long.
 

TheGrandWazoo

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It's getting more and more difficult to see how commercial bus operations can survive long term in the UK outside of the busiest cities/towns. If we had a few more councils with the skills (and interest) then it might be possible to run more arms-length operations like the excellent Nottingham's and Lothian's of the world. We even have enormous council support in Brighton & Hove where the bus operator is a purely commercial operation by GoAhead.
So it's not impossible to achieve the occasional miracle, just incredibly difficult.
Despite the obvious abilities of Stagecoach, and some other pockets of professionalism, skill and innovation, we also still have sizeable parts of the country outside London where Arriva and First are, at best, lacklustre.
Post-covid it's difficult to avoid the thought that many bus operations will be cut back significantly before long.

If you were to look at an average county, and Northamptonshire is as average as they come, there is now little in the way of tendered services and those that do exist are mainly contracts let via the council but funded via s106 developer money. It's virtually all commercial and the council would have little inclination to get involved and yes, it's an existential threat.

However, I've seen nothing to suggest that councils are particularly skilled in running buses. In North Yorkshire, the council do support local buses but either through supporting community minibuses in the Dales, or using welfare vehicles outside schools work to operate a number of off peak services. To say provision is skeletal is understating it!

At the moment, public transport is on life support and even when or if things return to normal, it will be necessary to support services. However, as we've seen before, bus services are often seen as a low priority by many LAs.
 
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