You are probably aware already, but just for the benefit of anyone else reading, it is possible for you to see the number of the card used for the purposes of claiming a refund. However that's of course not the number on the card itself. If the number were being checked electronically as part of the refund process it would still fail.This causes no end of problems with people who have to pick up train tickets, and also people trying to get a refund for something they bought in person (as it's practically impossible for someone to check whether the card you're producing is the same one you originally used to pay).
There are plenty card issuers who will allow you to use a virtual card if that's what you want to do for a belt and braces security measure. You can use them single use if you really want to, or Revolut even support single use virtual cards which expire once they've been used. If a consumer really wants that surely they can just use one of those free services? Revolut are nice and explicit about what you're getting.I'd agree they should be more upfront with what happens, but I disagree about it being nonsense.
In reality, the main use case that people need their actual card number for is shopping online. Having a card number that is different to your real card number for such purposes (often called a virtual card number) is a genuine security measure that some other issuers / companies also support (as it means if the card details get leaked / hacked then they don't get your real card number). I don't have a Chase account so not sure how in depth they go with it, but some other companies go further and create a different card number for each retailer or each time you want to use your card.