Some underground stations named after specific roads have made the place well-known where the road itself isn't of much significance otherwise, even locally. For instance Rayners Lane - it's now seen as a kind of district in one corner of Harrow, though it only has that name and status because of the underground station on the road of that name. Similarly Goldhawk Road, Hanger Lane, and others.
As for main line stations in London - yes, Victoria station has given its name to the district, though the district is surely itself well-known now*; but Kings Cross isn't such a clear-cut case. And the St Pancras area doesn't get its name from the station - it's the other way round; the St P name, in that part of London at least, isn't seen as synonymous with the station.
*And hence perhaps doesn't fit the criteria, since the topic is what's known by the name, not which came first.