The Japanese system has fare gates at most stations, the UK often doesn't. And I think there's a lot more societal trust in that country.
It does, and there's so much trust that if you "jump" the barriers there isn't necessarily anything to stop you! I got stuck inside a Tokyo Metro station once with a ticket that wouldn't work the gates (basically we'd ridden round a loop and couldn't "adjust" the fare to pay for it as it was confused we were back where we started without leaving the system), there was nobody there so I barged the gate, there was an alarm but nobody came to deal with it. It might almost be intended to work by way of shaming the fare dodger.
Somewhat similarly, but a touch different: with no fare gates, Switzerland operates hugely on trust. All the local and regional trains are DOO, with only random inspections every couple of months (same for buses). IR and IC trains do operate with conductors who check tickets, but they're still "understaffed", I can go days without a ticket check on those trains. (On the IR and IC, I believe the train driver still operates the doors, in combination with the conductor using their whistle - each door has a local override for the conductor so they don't get left behind...)
No, the departure procedure is done by the guard. You do however get "guard dispatch, driver close" on some of the narrow gauge lines. On the mainline on classic stock nobody releases, it just happens when you drop below 5km/h, on some newer stock it *may* be driver release. DB by contrast have largely switched from the 5km/h system to driver release.
The (rather dangerous) dispatch procedure goes thus:
- Guard blows whistle
- Guard operates box on platform to give RA to driver (while doors are still open)
- Guard returns to train and closes all doors but his own using key
- Guard closes own door
It is clear to see the flaws in that (in particular nothing to stop a runner trying to board, failing and going under the train with nothing to really stop it, or the guard being left behind), and it does surprisingly often result in trains leaving with doors open. The driver does have a small rear view mirror, but it would be hard to see on a long IC train.
Regional SBB trains are generally "regular" DOO using on train mirrors.
The fine if you don't have a ticket on _any_ of those trains is about 80 CHF (60-70 GBP?). IR and IC trains used to permit buying tickets from the conductor (for a CHF 5 additional fee), that service is now gone (you can buy tickets on your phone in a pinch - conductors get an automatic warning on their device when they scan a ticket that was bought after departure time).
And the latter will land you a hefty PF.